醫(yī)學(xué)英語-作業(yè)習(xí)題

Exercise 1

Part I  Vocabulary

Section A

Directions: Translate the following phrases into English and you had better use thekey words learned in the text.

1. 一個經(jīng)濟負(fù)重，疾病肆虐的國家

2. 彌補傳統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)代差距

3. 缺醫(yī)少藥的市中心平民區(qū)

4. 不可避免的高科技人才流動

5. 供需平衡

6. 調(diào)動一切力量，發(fā)展人類健康事業(yè)

7. 致力于突破性醫(yī)療技術(shù)的進(jìn)步

8. 大力投資人力資源和醫(yī)療保健體系

9. 派遣援外醫(yī)療隊開展備受贊道的項目

10.   為國內(nèi)外政策確定方向

11．易受恐怖分子襲擊的公共場所

12．協(xié)調(diào)好外援和自足的關(guān)系

13．老齡化社會導(dǎo)致醫(yī)務(wù)人員需求的急劇上升

14．住院醫(yī)生短期培訓(xùn)目標(biāo)管理

15．巴以和平計劃多邊談判

16．在這個相互依賴的世界發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用

17． 讓我們規(guī)范行為，縮減非道義的招聘

18．貿(mào)易補貼國際糾紛

19．人均壽命的驟然跌落

20．弱勢群體的醫(yī)療保單

Section B

Directions： Choose the best word from the list below to fill ineach of the blanks

Perhaps the oldest question ineconomics is why some countries are rich 1______others are poor. Economictheory has emphasized that differences in the educational levels of thepopulation are an important part of the 2 ______ and that improved schoolingopportunities should 3______ incomes in developing countries. Yet, while 4______ is little doubt that highly educated workers in many developingcountries are 5______, it is also true that many scientists, engineers,physicians, and other professionals from 6 ______ countries work in Canada, the United States, and Western Europe.This phenomenon, often 7 ______ to as the "brain drain," was noticedas 8 ______as the 1960s and has been a contentious issue in the North-Southdebate ever since. One important 9 ______ of the brain drain is that investmentin education in a developing country may not lead 10______ faster economicgrowth if a large number of its 11______ educated people leave the country.Also, efforts to 12______ specific skill shortages through improved educationalopportunities may be largely futile 13______ measures are taken to offsetexisting incentives for highly educated people to14______. 

But how extensive is the brain drain? Which countries and regionsare especially 15 ______?Do highly educated professionals from developing countries living abroadrepresent a sizable 16 ______ of the pool of skilled workers in their countriesof origin or too small a number to worry about? Unfortunately, attempts to 17______ these important questions quickly come up against a formidable barrier:there is no uniform system of statistics on the number and characteristics ofinternational migrants. Also, source countries typically do not 18 ______ trackof emigrants" characteristics, and, although some receiving countries do, theirdefinitions of immigration differ.19 ______, it is difficult to measureprecisely the flow and levels of education of immigrants. Further, it has onlyrecently become 20 ______ to measure the stock of educated workers in eachsource country—the pool from which brainpower is drained.

Part II ErrorCorrection

Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage,there are altogether 10 mistakes, one

  in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word ordelete a word. Mark

  out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If youchange a word, cross

  it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you adda word, put an

  insertion mark (∧) in the right place and writethe missing word in the blank. If you delete

  a word, cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank.

Culture refers to the social heritage of a people - the learned

patterns forthinking, feeling and acting that characterize a

population orsociety, include the expression of these patters in   1. ____

material things.Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture-   2. ____

abstract creationslike values, beliefs, customs and institutional

arrangements - andmaterial culture - physical objectlike   3. ____

cooking pots,computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflects

both the ideas weshare or everything we make. Inordinary4. ____

speech, a personof culture is the individual can speakanother  5. ____

language - theperson who is unfamiliar with the arts,music,    6. ____

literature,philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to be

human is to becultured, because of culture is the common world    7. ____

of experience weshare with other members of our group.

Culture isessentially to our humanness. It provides akind   8. ____

of map forrelating to others. Consider how you feel your way

about social life.How do you know how to act in a classroom,

or a departmentstore, or toward a person who smiles or laugh     9. ____

at you? Yourculture supplies you by broad,standardized,    10. ____

ready-made answersfor dealing with each of these situations.

Therefore, if weknow a person"s culture, we can understand

and even predict agood deal of his behavior.

Part III. ReadingComprehension

Directions: There are two passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A), B), C)，and D). You should choose the best answer.

Passage 1( From Band 6, 2005 )

"I"ve never met a human worth cloning," says cloningexpert Mark Westhusin from his lab at Texas A&M University. "It"s astupid endeavor." That"s an interesting choice of adjective, coming from aman who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog namedMissy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned twocows and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missythis spring - or perhaps not for another 5 years. It seems the reproductivesystem of man"s best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin"s experiencewith cloning animals leaves him upset by all this talk of human cloning. Inthree years of work on the Missy project, using hundreds upon hundreds of dog"seggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos (胚胎) carrying Missy"s DNA. None havesurvived the transfer to a surrogate (代孕的) mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously abortedfetuses (胎) may beacceptable when you"re dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not withhumans. "Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous," hesays. Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice researchpayoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin"s phone hasbeen ringing with people calling in hopes of duplicating their cats and dogs,cattle and horses. "A lot of people want to clone pets, especially if theprice is right," says Westhusin. Cost is no obstacle for Missy"smysterious billionaire owner; he"s put up $3.7 million so far to fund A&M"sresearch.
　　Contrary tosome media reports, Missy is not dead. The owner wants a twin to carry onMissy"s fine qualities after she does die. The prototype is, by all accounts,athletic, good-natured and supersmart. Missy"s master does not expect an exactcopy of her. He knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement ofpurpose, Missy"s owner and the A&M team say they are "both lookingforward to studying the ways that her clones differ from Missy."
Besides cloning agreat dog, the project may contribute insight into the old question of naturevs. nurture. It could also lead to the cloning of special rescue dogs and manyendangered animals.
　　However,Westhusin is cautious about his work. He knows that even if he gets a dogpregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown atbirth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart andweight problems~ "Why would you ever want to clone humans," Westhusinasks, "when we"re not even close to getting it worked out in animalsyet?"

1. By "stupidendeavor" (Para. 1), Westhusin means to say that ________.
　　A)  animal cloning is not worth the effortat all
　　B)  animal cloning is absolutely impractical
　　C)  human cloning should be done selectively
　　D)  human cloning is a foolish undertaking
　　

2. What does thefirst paragraph tell us about Westhusin"s dog cloning project?
　　A)  Its success is already in sight.
　　B)  Its outcome remains uncertain.
　　C)  It is doomed to utter failure.
　　D)  It is progressing smoothly.

3. By cloningMissy, Mark Westhusin hopes to ________.
　　A)  study the possibility of cloning humans
　　B)  search for ways to modify .its temperament
　　C)  examine the reproductive system of thedog species
　　D)  find out the differences between Missyand its clones

4. We learn fromthe passage that animal clones are likely to have ________.
　　A)  a bad temper
　　B)  immune deficiency

C)  defective organs

D) an abnormal shape
　　

5. It can be seen that present cloningtechniques ________.
A)  still have a long way to gobefore reaching maturity
B)  have been widely used in savingendangered species

　C)  provide insight into the question ofnature vs. nurture
D)  have proved quite adequate forthe cloning of humans

Passage 2

Pheromones（信息素，外激素)are substancesthat serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They aresecreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the speciesto have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called Line"social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat likehormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium ofcommunication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species havesimple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others producemany with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some ofthe so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.

Chemicalcommunication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.

Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signalsare usually airborne), but the

signal can be persistent, depending upon thevolatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range.Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound orvisual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal"s moving upwind inresponse to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited,compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromonesmay convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioralor physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presentedin combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaborationof the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such asants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communicationis difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory,insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzingthese pheromones.

Pheromones playnumerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances,play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants betweensexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and beinvolved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in castedetermination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honeybees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of theirgregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone whenattacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A)  How insects use pheromonesto communicate

B)  How pheromones areproduced by insects

C)  Why analyzing insectpheromones is difficult

D)  The different uses ofpheromones among various insect species

7. The word "serve" in line I is closest inmeaning to

A)  improve

B)  function

C)  begin

D)  rely

8. The purpose of the second mention of"hormones" in line 4 is to point out

A)  chemical signals that arecommon among insects

B)  specific responses ofvarious species to chemical signals

C)  similarities between twochemical substances

D)  how insects producedifferent chemical substances

9. The passage suggests that the speed at whichcommunication through

pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they

A)  lose their effectiveness

B)  evaporate in the air

C)  travel through the air

D)  are produced by the body

10. According to the passage, the meaning of a messagecommunicated through a

pheromone may vary when the

A)  chemical structure of thepheromone is changed

B)  pheromone is excretedwhile other pheromones are also being excreted

C)  exocrine glands do notproduce the pheromone

D)  pheromone is released nearcertain specific organisms

11 The word "detecting" in line 23 isclosest in meaning to

A)  controlling

B)  storing

C)  questioning

D)  finding

12. According to paragraph 2, which of the followinghas made the study of

pheromones difficult?

A)  Pheromones cannot beeasily reproduced in chemical laboratories.

B)  Existing technology cannotfully explore the properties of pheromones.

C)  Pheromones are highlyvolatile.

D)  Pheromone signals areconstantly changing.

13. The word "They" in line 24 refers to

A)  pheromones

B)  roles

C)  activities

D)  insects

14. The word "sedentary" in line 29 isclosest in meaning to

A)  inactive

B)  inefficient

C)  unchangeable

D)  unbalanced

15. Pheromone systems are relatively complex ininsects that

A)  also communicate usingsight and sound

B)  live underground

C)  prey on other insects

D)  live in organized groups

Part IV. English-ChineseTranslation

Directions:  Translatethe following sentences into Chinese and these are all taken from the originaltext.

1. Demand in affluent countries pullshealth care workers from poor countries as low salaries, limitedcareer prospects, poor working environments,family aspirations, andpolitical insecurity push themout.

2. Instead, thesecountries are moving backward, with the hemorrhaging of

clinical andprofessional leaders crippling the already fragile health caresystems.

3. In thelast two annual meetings of theWorld Health Assembly, African health

ministers pushedthrough resolutionscalling for urgent action todampen unplanned emigrationof health care workers, and Commonwealthstates recently enacted a code of conduct to curtail unethical recruitment.

Part V. Writing practice

Task 1. Application letter (信函文)

Writing strategies:

首段： 說明寫作意圖。介紹自己是誰，為什么寫信。

主體段落：介紹相關(guān)工作或?qū)W習(xí)經(jīng)歷及本人個性，以表明你可以勝任此項學(xué)習(xí)或工作。

結(jié)尾段：  表示感謝和期待。

常用表達(dá)：I’m writing this letter to apply for the position that you…

I’m writing this letter to recommend myself as a qualified candidatefor… 

I have enclosed my resume that outlines in detail my qualifications andexperience.

  Thank you for considering my application and I am looking forward to …

Task Topic:

You wish to study at acertain foreign university. Write a letter inquiring about

the situation there as regardsaccommodation, fees and qualifications.

Task 2. Academic Module Writing (議論文寫作)

Problems + Reasons + Recommendations ( 問題 + 理由 + 建議類 )

Writing strategies:

首段： 現(xiàn)象描述。

主體段落：說明出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的理由或是該現(xiàn)象的具體體現(xiàn)形式。

結(jié)尾段：  提出建議和措施。

Task Topic: 

There is an increasingnumber of graduates and professionals moving to the wealthy nations, which is called“the brain drain”. Analyze the possible causes that give rise to thisphenomenon, and offer some feasible recommendations.

Exercise 2

Part I   Vocabulary Exercises

Section A

Directions: Translate the following phrases into English andyou had better use the key

words learnt in the text.

1.為…打下基礎(chǔ)

2.一杯牛奶的替代品

3.過著案牘生活

4.陷入骨脆病和骨折的危險

5.遭受骨質(zhì)疏松癥的威脅

6.每一位父母均應(yīng)該關(guān)心的問題

7.（疾病)日后表現(xiàn)出來

8.充滿，彌漫

9.退休基金

10.  骨骼生長所需的礦物質(zhì)

11.  主要生長期

12.  在青春期

13.  獲得日常所需要的鈣量

14.  加鈣的橘子汁

15.  吃三到五份（食物)

16.  與某些藥物發(fā)生反應(yīng)

17.  絕經(jīng)后的婦女

18.  曬太陽（名詞)

19.  熱愛陽光的人

20.  有益，有結(jié)果

Section B

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

form of the give words. Note that 25 words are provided for you.

fracture

so  

menopausal  

thus

risk   

urge

other 

most 

supplement 

choice

investigate 

look

relative  

protective  

on  

alternative

in 

participate 

light  

intake

precisely  

protein  

vary  

elder

pursuit

One of the arguments used by doctors in support of hormone-replacement therapy for 1   women is that it helps prevent osteoporosis,and  2 reduces the chances of the all-too-easy breaking of bones in thefemale elderly. But in 3 of the proven danger ofhormones increasing the  4    of heart problems and cancer, the FDA(Food and Drug Administration) has been  5   women to strengthen theirbones in  6 ways, including calcium  7 and weight-bearingexercise. Now, a new study suggests that soy protein, such as the Asianvegetarian staple tofu, may offer an effective  8    hedge against bone loss.

The current issue of Archives ofInternal Medicine reports  9   the Shanghai Women’s HealthStudy in China,  10    which more than 24.000 women with anaverage age of 60, 11 . Dr.Xianglan Zhang and colleagues divided the women into five groups, based ontheir    

12 of soy, a significant part of the Chinesediet. When he looked at their  13   risk of bone fracture after4.5 years, the group that ate the most soy  14    --- more than 13 grams per day --- had a35% lower risk of  15 than those who ate theleast (just under 5 grams). The likely explanation for soy"s   16 power is a set ofnatural estrogen-like compounds called soy isoflavones (異黃酮), and indeed, when the scientists  17    directly at isoflavone consumption (itisn"t  18 the same as soyconsumption because levels of the chemicals  19  in different batches of soy),the group consuming the  20 isoflavones had a 37%lower risk of fracture. 

Part II ErrorCorrection

Directions: This partconsists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or deletea word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in theright place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word,cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank.

American doctors say that motherswho smoke cigarettes

beforetheir babies are born may slow the growth of their

babies"lungs. They say reducing lung growth could cause 1._____________

thebabies to suffer breathing problems and lung diseases

later inlife. Doctors in Boston, Massachusetts study 1,000 2._____________

children.

The mothers of some of thechildren smoked, the other   3. _____________

mothersdid not. Doctors found that the lungs of the children

whosemothers smoked were 8% fewer developed than the 4.____________

lungs ofthe children whose mothers did not smoke, but that   5. ____________

thechildren whose mothers smoke developed 20% more

cold andbreathing diseases than the other children later in life. 6. ____________ 

Another current study found thatchildren had a greater   7. ____________

chance ofdeveloping lung cancer as their mothers smoked. 8.____________

The studyshowed that the danger of lung cancer increased 

only forsons and not daughters, and that the father"s smoking  9. ___________

did noteffect a child"s chance of developing lung cancer.  10. __________

Part III ReadingComprehension

Directions: There are two passages in this part. Eachpassage is followed by some questions 

or unfinished statements. For each of them are four choices markedA),B),C),and

D). You should choose the best answer.

Passage 1

Of all the components of a goodnight’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a windowopens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A centuryago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguisedshadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologistshad switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” — the random byproductsof the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspectthat dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods whilethe brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intenselypowerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought underconscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” saysRosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’sMedical Center. “If you don’t like it, changeit.”

Evidence from brain imagingsupports this view. The brain is as active during REW (rapid eye movement)sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. EricNofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But notall parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotionalbrain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center ofintellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy ordepressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,” says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams andemotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seemto have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier onesbefore awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelingsgenerated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with dailylife we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events— until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be leftto the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control overrecurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting aboutthe dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time itoccurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practicepeople can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’sprobably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keepus from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increasedpeople’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek helpfrom a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working throughbad feelings. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you’ll feel better in themorning.

1. Researchers have come to believe that dreams

A) can bemodified in their courses

B) aresusceptible to emotional changes

C)reflect our innermost desires and fears.

D) are arandom outcome of neural repairs.

2. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show

A) itsfunction in our dreams.

B) themechanism of REM sleep.

C)] therelation of dreams to emotions.

D) itsdifference from the prefrontal cortex.

3. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to

A) aggravatein our unconscious mind.

B)develop into happy dreams.

C)persist till the time we fall asleep.

D) showup in dreams early at night.

4. Cartwright seems to suggest that

A) wakingup in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.

B)visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.

C) dreamsshould be left to their natural progression.

D)dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.

5. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

A) Leadyour life as usual.

B) Seekprofessional help.

C)Exercise conscious control.

D) Avoidanxiety in the daytime.

Passage 2

Anumber of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.The first is the broad area of communication, which includes impartinginformation by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual andspecialized line communication through performance. A person conveys thoughtsand ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant orunpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the languageitself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven andhesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speakingbefore a group, a person"s tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidenceor calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelingsover and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant"s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflectintuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety,enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acutelistener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highlyspecialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /orgesture. The motivation derived fromthe text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with theperformer"s skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determinethe success of artistic, political, orpedagogic communication.

Second,the voice gives psychological clues to a person"s self-image, perception ofothers, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voicethat is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to nameonly a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade ormask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfidentfront. How a speaker perceives the listener"s receptiveness, interest, orsympathy in any given conversation can drasticallyalter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker.Emotional health is evidenced in thevoice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh soundof the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A) The function of the voice in performance

B) The connection between voice andpersonality

C) Communication styles

D) The production of speech

7. What does the author mean by staring that"At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over andabove the words chosen" (lines 8-9)?

A) Feelings are expressed with differentwords than ideas are.

B) The tone of voice can carry informationbeyond the meaning of words.

C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotionalcommunication.

D) Feelings are more difficult to expressthan ideas.

8. The word "Here" in line 9 refersto _____________.

A) interpersonal interactions

B) the tone

C) ideas and feelings

D) words chosen

9. The word "derived" in line 13 isclosest in meaning to ______________.

A) discussed

B) prepared

C) registered

D) obtained

10. Why does the author mention"artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in lines 15-16?

A) As examples of public performance

B) As examples of basic styles ofcommunication

C) To contrast them to singing

D) To introduce the idea of self-image

11. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be anindication of a person"s ___________________.

A) general physical health

B) personality

C) ability to communicate

D) vocal quality

12. According to the passage, anoverconfident front may hide _________________.

A) hostility

B) shyness

C) friendliness

D) strength

13. The word "drastically" in line22 is closest in meaning to __________________.

A) frequently

B) exactly

C) severely

D) easily

14. The word "evidenced" in line 23is closest in meaning to __________________.

A) questioned

B) repeated

C) indicated

D) exaggerated

15. According to the passage, what does aconstricted and harsh voice indicate?

A) Lethargy

B) Depression

C) Boredom

D) Anger

Part IV   English-Chinese Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences intoChinese and these are all taken out from

the original text.

1.  That can lead to broken bones, which in turncan cause deformity, chronic pain or disability.

2.   Themore you deposit when you"re young, the better off you"ll be in later years,when you need to draw on your reserves.

3.   Kidswith the highest milk consumption are also the slimmest, while those who drinkthe most soda or other sweetened beverages, unsurprisingly, are the heaviest.

4.   Andwhile people can also get the vitamin naturally, through sun exposure, that"snot always possible or even a good idea, especially if you"re prone to sunburn.

5.   Menare also affected by age-related skeletal loss, but not as dramatically, sincetheir larger frames provide a higher peak bone mass and their hormones don"tplunge after age 50.

Part V Writing Practice

Section A 

Directions：Suppose you are a physician and you are very muchconcerned about the public health

issue of osteoporosis. Write a letter to your local healthadministration in the

community about combating osteoporosis, offering your constructivesuggestions on

the prevention of this bone disease, and finally appeal for their efforts. You are

advised to refer to the text for necessary information. Your lettershould be at least

200 words long.

Section B 

Directions: As part of a class assignment, you areexpected to write on the following topic:

Gao Qiang, the Health Minister, told the mediathat only by improving community

health service can we divert patients cramming in large hospitals andlower their

medical cost. In your opinion, what are some of the problems thatcommunity health

service providers face and what solutions can be offered? You shouldwrite at least

250 words.

Exercise 3

Part I  Vocabulary Exercises

Section A

Directions: Translate the following phrases into English and youhad better use the key words learnt in

the text.

1.  相關(guān)的次要情節(jié)

2.  以病人為中心

3.  心理分析

4.  理解病人的痛苦

5.  揭示最真實的事實

6.  文字能力， 創(chuàng)造能力，感情表達(dá)能力

7.  快速，準(zhǔn)確的傾聽和解讀

8.  誘發(fā)和偶發(fā)事情的混合體

9.  （醫(yī)生和病人組成的)治療聯(lián)盟

10. 道義的承諾

11. 文明的掩飾

12. 推斷出他們的需要

13. 非技術(shù)性語言

14. 嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練

15. 病人的秘密

16. 臨床醫(yī)生

17. 建立好奇心

18. 表達(dá)對病人的關(guān)心

19. 訓(xùn)練結(jié)果開始受到追蹤

20. 技術(shù)層面和意義層面

Section B Cloze

Directions：There are 20blanks in the following passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate formof the given words. Note that 25 words are provided for you.

singular aware of  context  alcoholic  responsibility

valuesrequires  approach as puzzle

admitfragment  rescues  uneasiness  turn

strengths patient-centered   rather than   perspective preconceive  

transplant subjective break relation-centersymptoms

“Each doctor, nurse andsocial worker needs to be very, very __1__and cognizant to and equal to thetask of fulfilling what comes to us, not because we have to __2__a respiratoroff but because we now owe this person something. They’ve told (their story) tous,” Charon said. “We’ve heard it and now it is our __3___.”

“Truly ‘hearing’ apatient’s story allows us to care for a patient in a way that’s more connectedto the patient’s __4__, and thus better fits the patient’s beliefs, __5__ andunderstandings,” said Stuart Finder, Ph.D., director of the Center for Clinicaland Research Ethics, which co-sponsored Charon’s lecture.

Such “hearing” __6_ manyof the same skills it takes to read a narrative in literature — letting go of__7_ notions or agendas and allowing oneself to be drawn into a story in orderto discover what’s important  andcan be applied in narrative medicine, Finder said.

“As technology, or __8__information, increases, sometimes medicine is less __9_,” Pearson said.“Patients tell us that ‘I never really knew my doctor,’ or ‘my doctor doesn’tknow me.’ They were never asked what’s important to them. “Narrative medicineis a patient-centered approach to the practice of medicine that__10__ thepatient’s story and integrates what is important to them into decisions abouttheir health care.”

Jayaram’s narrativerecounts prefabricated __11__ about his patient. The man, Jayaram writes, layin a rehabilitation bed four weeks following a liver __12__. When he learned hehad liver disease, the student incorrectly pre-judges him to be an __13___. Buthe lets the patient roll out his story: he has no family and he’s never been tosee a doctor, much less been __14__ to a hospital. The man has never had adrink; the cause of his disease is cryptogenic — unknown. Finally, Jayaram asksthe man if he thinks he’s making progress. The patient __15_ a dam of emotionand cries, then asks for the nurse to help him.

Narratives, Charon said,have what medicine lacks, namely characters, plots and storylines. “Only intelling a story that I can live in the face of time, that I can see somethingsingular,” she said, referring to an individual person and that person’s story,_16_ a name on a chart. “It makes it not just a technical _17_ but a livedexperience,” she said.

 “The reason I took the class was to dosomething different, to understand the __18__ and personal side of caring forpeople,” Jayaram said. “I learned it’s very important to step back and look atwhat you’re doing. Writing in this _19__ gives you a chance to sit down and notonly understand your patient better, but also to understand your ownshortcomings and __20___ as a physician, and I think that can lead to betterpatient care.”

Part II Error Correction

Directions: In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, onein each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete aword. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.

Many Americans mindlessly oppose hunting. They do so evenin 
cases where animal populations are dangerous high. In 1._____________
some areas of Alaska,wolves have become so rarely that they   2. ____________
are running out of hunting ground and prey heavily on  
moose, deer, and occasionally dogs. In past, game  3._____________
managers curbed wolf populations for trapping and aerial  4._____________
hunting without wiping away the species. Still, whenever   5._____________
they propose do this nowadays, they receive tens6._____________
of thousands letters of protest. Growing deer populations in7._____________
parts of Californiathreat to starve themselves out. Seaotter  8._____________
colonies, booming in the Pacific coast, are fast running 9._____________
out of food, too, as good as putting commercial fisher- 10._____________

men out of business. 

Part III  Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

It is said thatin England death ispressing, in Canadainevitable and in Californiaoptional Small wonder. Americans" life expectancy has nearly doubled over thepast century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer theaging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I enteredmedicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can curedeath-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness ofours.

Death isnormal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even underideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medicalconsumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payersfrom the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done forus, even if it"s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing lossof hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what isscientifically justified.

In1950, the U.S.spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone cansee this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simplystop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83or so. Former Coloradogovernor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have aduty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people canrealize their potential.

I would notgo that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstonejokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O"Connor is in her70s,and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up inhis 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we canmanage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there arelimits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know themost costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also knowthat people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthierlives than we have. As a nation, we may be over funding the quest for unlikelycures while under funding research on humbler therapies that could improvepeople"s lives.

1. What is implied in the first sentence?

A)Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

B)Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

C)Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.

D)Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

2. The author uses the example of caner patients to showthat

A) medical resources are often wasted.

B) doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.

C) some treatments are too aggressive.

D) medical costs are becoming unaffordable.

3. The author"s attitude to ward Richard Lamm"s remark isone of

A) strong disapproval.

B) reserved consent.

C) slight contempt.

D) enthusiastic support.

4. In contras to the U.S.,Japan and Sweden are funding their medicalcare

A). more flexibly.

B) more extravagantly.

C) .more cautiously.

D) more reasonably.

5. The text intends to express the idea that

A) medicine will further prolong people"s lives.

B) life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.

C) death should be accepted as a fact of life.

D) excessive demands increase the cost of health care.

Passage 2

Botany, the study ofplants, occupies a peculiar positionin the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years, it was the onefield of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest ofinsight. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knewabout plants, but form what we can observe of preindustrial societies thatstill exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must beextremely ancient. This is logical.Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for otherplants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people,not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicine,shelter and a great  many otherpurposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literallyhundreds of plants and know many propertiesof each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not evenrecognized as a special branch of “knowledge” at all.

Unfortunately, the moreindustrialized we become the father away we move from direct contact withplants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comesunconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people willfail to recognize a rose, an apple, oran orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses couldbe harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, thefirst great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grainswere discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants,rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties thatgrew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years ofexperience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

6.Whichof the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?

A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.

B) They divided knowledge into well-defined fields.

C) They did not enjoy the study of botany.

D) They placed great importance on ownership of property.

7.The word“peculiar” in line 1 is closest in meaning to ______

A) clear

B) large

C) unusual  

D) important

8. What does the comment “This is logical” in line 6mean?

A) There is no clear way to determine the extent of ourancestors’ knowledge of plants.

B) It is not surprising that early humans had a detailedknowledge of plants.

C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behavedvery much like people in preindustrial societies.

D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and verydetailed.

9. The phrase “properties of each” in line 10 refers toeach____

A) tribe  

B) hundred  

C) plant  

D) purpose

10. According to the passage, why has general knowledgeof botany declined?

A) People no longer value plants as a useful resources

B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch ofscience

C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasingnumber of plants

D) Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.

11.In line 15, what is the author’s purpose in mentioning “a rose, an apple, or anorchid”?

A) To make the passage more poetic

B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive.

C) To give botanical examples that most readers willrecognize

D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life.

12  According to the passage, what was thefirst great step toward the practice of agriculture?

A) The invention of agricultural implements and machinery

B) The development of a system of names for plants

C) To discovery of grasses that could be harvested andreplanted

D) The changing diets of early humans

13.The word “controlled” in the line 20 is closest inmeaning to ___

A) abundant  

B) managed

C) required

D) advanced

14.The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationshipbetween zoology

(the study of animals) and _____

A) deer hunting  

B) bird watching  

C) sheep raising  

D) horseback riding

15.Where in the passage does the author descrribe the benefits people derive fromplants?

A) line 1

B) line 6-8 

C) line 10-11 

D) lines 13-15

Part IVEnglish-Chinese Translation

1.Doctors have learned about therapeutic listening from practitioners of oralhistory, trauma studies, autobiography and psychoanalysis.

2.In books and essays for medical and lay audiences or in private notes forthemselves, doctors describe records of meaningful human interactions.

3. This competence requires a combination of textualskills, creative skills and affective skills.

4.Such a doctor can achieve the genuine intersubjective contact required for aneffective therapeutic alliance.

5Reading literature, studying humanities, writing in literary ways aboutpractice are now regarded as central to medical training for empathy andreflection.

Part V   Writing Practice

Section A

Directions: You areexpected to write Dr. Rita Charon an invitation letter to invite her to come to

 BUCM to present a lecture on Narrative Medicine.

Section B

Directions: You are asked to write a speech concerning reflection onNarrative Medicine.

Exercise4

Part I  Vocabulary Exercises

Section A

Directions: Translate the following phrases into English and you had better use thekey words learnt in the text.

1． 在線論壇

2． 試驗項目

3． 在隨后的一周里

4． 抑郁咨詢

5． 同齡人

6． 重度抑郁癥

7． 從長遠(yuǎn)的觀點看

8． …對…有負(fù)面影響

9． 應(yīng)對策略

10． 每日的例行公事

11． 正如某人所說

12． 達(dá)標(biāo)

13． 難免的倒霉事兒

14． 更有效的藥物治療手段

15． 臨床階段

16． 投入大量時間

17． 情緒紊亂

18． 極度恐懼

19． 睡眠衛(wèi)生

20． 更為人性化的環(huán)境

Section B

Directions: Choose the most suitable word from the wordlist below to fill in each of the blanks, and each word is allowed to be usedonly once.

because of prejudice spread    interferewith deprivation

prevail belief   many      stop     that

still       conditions attempt to  go off    disregulate

crop      where   observes   but   seek to 

everyone   worry   what  anyone   concern

Birth of the Blues: Age of Risk

The overriding reasonfor the surge in serious problems on campus is that college is the age ofdepression. Depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety and other serious mental   1   first rear their head in lateadolescence.

Also, colleges areharvesting the first   2   of kids who grew up on Prozac and othernew-wave antidepressants. The drugs provided emotional energy that allowedcognitive abilities to   3   .

Although colleges arenow reaping the Prozac payoff, college being   4   it is, they must also deal with Prozacrebellion. It triggers   5   a depressive episode.

A significant proportionof students   6   their medication once they get to college,figuring that now that they are out of the house,   7   problems first arose, their troublesshould be over.   8   Rosemarie Rothmeier, "They say, "myparents were the problem." Or "I had no friends before,   9   now I do." They go off their medication,and indeed, they don"t feel bad immediately. It takes some time."

Others   10   escape the possibility that they may haveto be on medication for the rest of their life. They think, "I want to belike   11   else." Still, David Mednick reportsthat his "biggest   12   is the number of depressed patientsneeding medication who have not yet followed through filling a prescription.They share the public   13    against needing medication to feelwell."

  14   others slip back into depressionsurreptitiously. They fall prey to a more disorganized lifestyle and experiencethe return of symptoms   15   disrupted dosing schedules. And thenthere is that stark fact of campus social life. Many students   16   antidepressants to startdrinking.

The notoriously erraticsleep patterns of students can dramatically   17   body systems and precipitate depressionin those with no prior history of it. Many schools   18   educate incoming students. "We pointout that if you don"t sleep regularly, it will not only   19  your academic performance but putyou at risk for depression," says Harvard"s Dr. Kadison. And sleep   20   can be the trigger that sets off a manicepisode.

Part II Error Correction

Directions: Thispart consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a wordor delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blankprovided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the correspondingblank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (/\) in the right place andwrite the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and outa slash (/) in the blank.

Weak eyesightis a term that generally is used to refer to

nearsighted eyes. People who are nearsighted can see good   S1.________

at a short range, but nothing very far away is likely tobe a dull    S2.________

blur. The term weak eyesight is mislead, for innearsighted   S3.________

eyes the lens of the eye are actually too strong. Thenear-   S4.________

sighted lens is so powerful that it focuses the lightcoming

into theeye too quick. The image is formed in front of the    S5.________

retina,which contains the optical nerves. Nearsightedness

is common,but its growth may be gradual; often the blurring S6.________

ofdistant objects is so slight at first that a person may recognize  S7.________

thecondition. Nearsightedness is frequently discovered first at

school.It is here that a student first realizes the difficulty of

seeingwork on the black board, whereas another in the class    S8.________

have notrouble reading the board at all. After discovery, near-  

sightednesscan easy be corrected. A concave lens called a     S9.________

“minus”lens because it increases the power of the lens of the S10._______

eyeitself is the prescription.  

Part III ReadingComprehension

Directions: Readthe following passages, each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. Chose the one which can best answer the questions or complete thesentences.

Passage One

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world inwhich human beings could feel no love or happiness no terror or hate. Try toimagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able tostay alive: kowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety not fear, they would be aslikely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They couldnot learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionlesswould lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people wouldbe as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Humanrelationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, therecould be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members ofgroups. Society’s economic underpinnings（支柱)would be destroyed: sinceearning $ 10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $ 10, there wouldbe no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. Foras we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.

In such a world, the chances that the human species would surviveare next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival andadaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. Asindividuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True weconsider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspectsare less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us,anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions inour families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experienceswith objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain thingsand actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories toevery aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wearto how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact,society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty,morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. Itgives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery,makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such asflying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal（刑法的)system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.

1.People might not be able tosurvive in a world without emotion because ___________.

A. they would dothings that hurt each other’s feelings

B. they wouldnot be happy with a life without love

C. they wouldnot know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them

D. they wouldnot be able to tell the texture of objects

2.According to the passage,people’s learning activities are possible because they _______.

A. believe thatemotions are fundamental for them to stay alive

B. enjoy beingrewarded for doing the right thing

C. benefit fromproviding help and support to one another

D. know what isvital to the progress of society

3.It can be inferred from thepassage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _________.

A. the will towork for pleasure

B. the capacityto enjoy incentives

C. the abilityto make money

D. thecategorizations of our emotional experiences

4.The emotion aspects of anobject are more important than its physical aspects in that they ___.

A. help societyexploit its members for profit

B. encourage usto perform important tasks

C. help toperfect the legal and penal system

D. help us adaptour behavior to the world surrounding us

5.Which of the following is themost suitable title for this passage?

A. No Emotion,No Learning

B. Where ThereIs Human Beings, There Is Emotion.

C. HumanBeings—Emotional Animals

D. Emotion Makesthe World Go

Passage Two

In early 19thcentury America,mental asylums were built in rural areas to remove patients from their homeenvironments and to provide fresh air in a bucolic setting. Patients wereoffered exercise, work, educations, and religious instruction. The heads ofthese institutions, called “alienists”, did not usually dispense drugs, butstressed healthy, clean living and promoted the view that the insane were notmonsters but rather “unfortunate fellow beings”. Focusing on societal causes,alienists believed mental health problems could be avoided, especially in theyoung: children’s brains were softer, vulnerable, and more prone to influence.

After the CivilWar, faith in this “moral treatment” declined because the curability rate hadbeen overestimated, the cost of facilities was high, the government curtailedfunds, and the public became disillusioned with “experts” and their failedpromises. Repeated failures also frustrated practitioners who responded with anincreased use of physical restraint. An influx of immigrants causedovercrowding and a loss of fee-paying private patients. As the medical fieldwas slow to become interested in the care of the mentally ill, there was a lackof trained personnel. The original, more idealistic practitioners were gone,and new managers, many of whom were political appointees, were less inspiredand qualified. They became self-protective and isolated from the public, andconsidered “moral treatment” to be fanatical and dangerous.

Between 1850and 1880, viewpoints reverted back to pre-asylum assessments, with the addedelement of heredity: metal illness resulted from a weak family and vicecommitted by ancestors. Influenced by Social Darwinism, practitioners believedmental illness could be eliminated through eugenics, and the tendency was toclassify ailments rather than investigate through observation. Drugs such aschloroform, bromides, and ether were increasingly used to subdue patients.

Eventually,neurologists formed two camps: those who focused on somatic cases, and thosewho embraced psychological theories as medically respectable. To remove thechronically ill from overcrowded asylums and in a general effort to promotenon-restraint, alternative care facilities such as the tent treatment, the freeair system, and the cottage system were attempted in the latter part of thecentury. In spite of such reform efforts, the dominance of Social Darwinismcondemned the chronically ill as genetically inferior. It was not until thefinal years of the century that Sigmund Freud’s theories about the unconsciouscrept into the professional area.

6.It can be inferred that anadditional reason for building mental asylums in rural areas was ___.

A. to stoppatients from infecting healthy people

B. because mostpeople didn’t want to be living near them

C. because theland was cheaper

D. to givepatients better work opportunities

7.Which is NOT the reason for thedecline in the use of “moral treatment” after the Civil War was.

A. thegovernment cut off funds for “moral treatment”

B .the cost of“moral treatment” facilities was high

C. the medicalprofession became uninterested in “moral treatment”

D. the publicbecame disappointed at practitioners’ failures

8.The word “whom” in paragraph 2refers to ________.

A. alienists

B. originalpractitioners

C. new managers

D. immigrants

9.The mention of drugs at the endof paragraph 3 is an example of _______.

A. the return topre-asylum days

B. the influenceof the developing medical profession

C. an effectivemeans of treatment

D. thealternatives to psychological treatment

10.  According to the passage, onereason the cottage system developed toward the end of the century, was in anattempt to _______.

A. applyFreudian psychological theories

B. provide amore secure custodial system

C. alleviateovercrowding at the asylums

D. please bothof the two camps of neurologists  

Part IV English—ChineseTranslation

Directions: Translate thefollowing sentences into Chinese and these are all taken out from the originaltext

1. Others have suggested thatalthough the rate of depression among students entering medicalschool is similar to that among other people of similar ages, theprevalence increases disproportionately over the course of medicalschool.

2. In addition, both Haynes and Raymond notedthat many more students than in past decades are entering college ormedical school with previous diagnoses and treatment for mentalillness.

3. Students are often separated from friendsand classmates and must work with a constantly changing set ofresidents and attending physicians, which contributes to their senseof isolation.

4. Medical student’s fear that treatment fordepression will jeopardize their careers may not be unfounded.

5. Nevertheless, Haynes believes that an anonymous forum with no administratorlooking at the responses, such as the one tested at Duke, "isgoing to be much more inviting to students than disclosing[depression] to even a sympathetic administrator.

Part V  Writing

Direction One: Write aletter of about 100 words to the Students’ Affairs Service of your school andsuggest an Online Forum to help your fellow students with depression. It shouldinclude:

1. Why an Online Forum should bearranged.

2. How the Online Forum would work.

Direction Two: Studythe following diagram carefully and write an essay about 200 words in which youshould:

1. describe the diagram

2. analyze the reasons for thedifferences

3. suggest some measures to changethe situation

A Survey of Depression among Students

 %  %  %

 2020 20

 15   15 15

 1010   10

 5  5 5

  0     years  0   years 0  years

00   02   04 00  02  0400  02  04

   Non Med. Stu. with D Male  Med. Stu. with D  MaleMed. Stu. seeking for help

Med. Stu.with D Female Med Stu. with D Female Med. Stu. seeking for help

Exercise 5

Part I   Vocabulary Exercises

Section A

Direction: Translate the following phrases into Englishand you had better use the key words 

learnt in the text.

1. 他因胃痛住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。

2.現(xiàn)在，許多加工過的食品已被污染。

3.對有些病人，徹底康復(fù)是很難的。

4  伊拉克的局勢日益惡化。

5．導(dǎo)師對他的學(xué)生突然大發(fā)雷霆。

6． 提出合理化建議

7． 下了火車，他朝出口走去。

8． 畢業(yè)后， 他做了一名新藥推銷員。

9． 我對面試的程序沒多大了解。

10． 我走后， 請多保重。

11． 那個病危的人又活下來了。

12． 讓他感到失望的是，他沒有獲的老師的好評。

13． 不要對反對你的人保有偏見。

14． 寫好一份報告單

15． 午飯期間，他向我講述了他的身世。

16． 護(hù)士長拒絕了大夫的要求。

17． 在一個清新，宜人的早上

18． 讓我們再試一次

19． 人類文明伊始

20． 對自己的失誤頗感羞愧，他離家出走了。

Section B

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the give words. Note that 25words are provided for you.

motion  balance  too much  is ingredient   aware   regularly   routine   more  Others  as   to  guilt   that   scale  daily  nothing  its   for   who   sufficient what different  desire   case  participate

Life is1  and the less we move the less alive we become.We have bodies exquisitely designed for motion. In order for health 2 be achieved andmaintained, we must establish a proper 3   between rest and activity. Ifwe rest4  and do not balance our rest with  5  physicalactivity, fulfilling our true health potential becomes quite a task. There iscertainly no need to spend several pages trying to prove 6  exercise is an important 7 in a healthy life-style. Anyonewho thinks that this is not the 8   is past praying for. I think you will bebetter served by an overview that shows you some benefits of exercise you maynot be 9  of, simplifying the entire subject and creating in you a 10  to exercise   11.

There isan exercise12 foreveryone. These routines may vary enormously from person to person, as wellthey should. Different people need different routines, and you should not tryto do 13 thanyour body type and life-style demand just to be “in”. Some people exercisevigorously every day for three hours or more. 14 look upon physicalactivity with the same enthusiasm 15facingthe Sahara Desert. Physical activity should be ajoy that you look forward to and participate in out of eagerness, not out of 16 . The benefits from evenseemingly negligible amounts of regular exercise are so extensive and soprofound that anyone who merely begins to exercise even on a very small 17   will soon become aware of itsvalue and genuinely want to 18  in some sort of vigorousactivity 19    There is 20   like results to spur oninterest.

Part II ErrorCorrection

Directions: This partconsists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or deletea word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in theright place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word,cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank.

   The key to being a winner is tohave desire

 and a goal from which you refuse to bedeterred(被嚇住)

That   desire   fuels   your   dreams  and the

special   goal   keep   you focusing   1. 

   Deeply down we all have a hopethat our2. 

destinyis not to be average and prosaic. Everyone

talksabout a good game, but the winner goes out

and dosomething. To win, there has to be movement3.    

andphysical action. Attitudes and persistence can

help usbecome who we want to be.  4. 

   Competition is the best motivator.Because  5. 

manypeople use competition as an excuse for not

doingsomething, those who really want to success  6. 

seecompetition as an opportunity, and they’re

willingto do the tough work necessarily to win. 7.  

   Learn to deal with fear. Fear isthe greatest

deterrentto talking risk. People worry so much  8.  

aboutfailing that their fear paralyzes them

drainedthe energy they might otherwise be using to  9. 

grow.

  You can cultivate self-respect bydeveloping a

commitmentto your own talents. It may be

necessaryto do the thing you fear the most in

order toput that fear in rest, so that it can no  10. 

longercontrol you.

Part III   Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are two passages in this part. Eachpassage is followed by some questions 

or unfinished statements. For each of them are four choices markedA),B),C),and

D). You should choose the best answer.

Passage 1

  Eating right to prevent heart disease may seem complicated andconfusing, but it"s a breeze compared with trying to design an anticancerdiet.Cardiovascular disease is relatively simple; it"s the result of normalbodily processes taken to the extreme. Cancer, by contrast, involves changes inthe programming of DNA within the nuclei of individual cells. Beyond that ,heart disease is an illness that affects a single organ system, while cancer isdozens of different diseases that target body parts as radically different asthe relationship, breast and bo

ne.

  That being the case, it"s no surprise that the relationship between dietand cancer is still largely a matter of educated guesswork-and in many cases,the guesses have turned out to be wrong. Take the much publicized link betweenhigh-fat diets and breast cancer, for example. Women who live in Westerncountries, where high-fat diets are the norm, tend to have high breast-cancerrates. Even more telling: women of Japanese ancestry who live in the U.S. get the disease six times more often thantheir grandmothers and great-grandmothers in Japan. Yet a hugerecent study of 90000 women has refuted the breast cancer-fat link.

  A similar process of educated-guess-and-error led people to load up onthe nutritional supplement beta carotene(a natural red substance found incarrots and other vegetables) in the early 1990s. Scientists noted that thosewho eat lots of fruits and vegetables tend to get less cancer and speculatedthat carotenoids-the same antioxidant substances that seem to protect

against heart disease-were responsible. Inparticular, they focused on beta carotene, the most abundant and commoncarotenoid, as the most likely to prevent cancer.

  Yet a series of targeted studies in Finlandand the U.S.showed that beta carotene

supplements don"t ward off cancer at all. “Itlooks like taking this substance in high doses is not the right thing to do,”says a Harvard"s researcher.

  Health experts are not ready to list the foods that will keep cancer atbay, but some broad outlines of an anti-cancer diet are taking shape. Betacarotene might not be the key. But fruits and vegetables seem to help. So alongwith giving up tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption, the best way toprevent a broad range of cancers, given the current state of medical knowledge,is to eat more fruits and vegetables. That sort of diet will help you stay trimand prevent heart dis ease anyway-so if, against all odds, it turns out to haveno effect on cancer,it certainly can"t hurt.

1. We mayconclude from the first paragraph that

A) heartdisease is mainly caused by abnormal eating habits.

B) canceris far more difficult to prevent than heart disease.

C)changing the programming of DNA may help treat cancer.

D)designing an anticancer diet is as easy as a breeze.

2.Observations and studies of women living in the U.S. prove that

A)American women are in better health than women of Japanese ancestry.

B) thereis a clear relationship between high-fat diets and breast cancer.

C)Japanese women have not yet fully adapted to Western eating norm.

D) thereis nothing conclusive in terms of the breast cancer-fat link.

3. We canlearn from the selection that beta carotene supplements

A) areineffective in preventing heart disease.

B) maynot be effective in preventing cancer.

C) arethe most important nutrients we need.

D) shouldnormally be taken in low doses.

4.According to health experts, eating more vegetables and fruits

A) willdefinitely do us no harm whatsoever.

B) is themost effective anti-cancer diet.

C)provides us with enough beta carotene.

D) canprotect us against the harms caused by drinking.

5. Whichof the following questions does the selection best answer?

A) Canfood protect us against cancer?

B) Shouldwe believe in educated guesswork?

C) Isbeta carotene good for our health?

D) Are Japanese women more likely to getbreast cancer?

Passage 2

Thehistory of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between healthand how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided intofour distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended intothe early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that foodcontained constituents that were essential for human function and thatdifferent foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near theend of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss wasassociated with nitrogen imbalance and

could only be rectified by providing adequatedietary protein associated with certain foods.

Thesecond era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century andmight be called "the vitamin period." Vitamins came to be recognizedin foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins becamerecognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it becametempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had beenno previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At thatpoint in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having theircurricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of thefocus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms.Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial ofthe value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made foreffects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved fromthe use of them.

Inthe third era of nutritional history in the early 1950"s to mid-1960"s, vitamintherapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutritioneducation in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decadebefore this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketingand were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples ofvitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a varietyof health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins indisease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineraltherapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions thanwhen applied to long-term problems of under nutrition that lead to chronichealth problems.

1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

A) The effects of vitamins on the human body

B )The history of food preferences from thenineteenth century to the present

C )The stages of development of clinicalnutrition as a field of study

D )Nutritional practices of the nineteenthcentury

2. It can be inferred from the passage thatwhich of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the historyof nutrition?

A )Protein was recognized as an essentialcomponent of diet.

B )Vitamins were synthesized from foods.

C )Effective techniques of weight loss weredetermined.

D )Certain foods were found to be harmful togood health.

3. The word "tempting" in line 13is closest in meaning to

A )necessary   B) attractive

C )realistic D) correct

4. It can be inferred from the passage thatmedical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition in order to

A )convince medical doctors to participate inresearch studies on nutrition

B )encourage medical doctors to applyconcepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease

C )convince doctors to conduct experimentalvitamin therapies on their patients

D )support the creation of artificialvitamins

5. The word "Reckless" in line 19is closest in meaning to

A) recorded  B) irresponsible

C )informative   D) urgent

6. The word "them" in line 21 refers to

A) therapies  B) claims

C) effects D)vitamins

7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favorin the 1950"s

A) The public lost interest in vitamins.

B) Medical schools stopped teachingnutritional concepts.

C) Nutritional research was of poor quality

D) Claims forthe effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.

8.The phrase "concomitant with" inline 23 is closest in meaning to

A) in conjunction with   B) prior to

C) in dispute withD) in regard to

9. The word "skyrocketing" in line25 is closest in meaning to

A)internationallypopular   B) increasing rapidly

C) acceptableD) surprising

10. The paragraph following the passage mostprobably discusses

A) the fourth era of nutrition history

B) problems associated with under nutrition

C) how drug companies became successful

D) why nutrition education lost its appeal

Part I V  English-Chinese Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences intoChinese and these are all taken out from

the original text.

1. Complete recovery to ninety-five percentof people, Andrew added, took three to four 

 months, though Mary should be able to go home from the hospital in amatter of days.

2. Finally,and unjustly he supposed now, he had taken out his frustration by blowing hisstack

 at the drug company saleswoman who had come into his office late in theafternoon.

3. He had stopped then, already ashamed ofthe outburst, and would probably have apologized 

 except that the saleswoman, having gathered up her papers and samples,was on the way 

 out, saying simply as she left, “Good afternoon, Doctor.”

4.Though the smile was weak, and clearly so was Mary, her condition was so muchin

 contrastto the deep coma of  last night,, itseemed a miracle.

5. It was rude of him, but his intense worry about Mary Rowe wascoupled with a long dislike 

 of drug companies and their high-pressure selling.

Part V  Writing Practice

Section A

Directions:The China Red Cross Associate is calling for young university students todonate blood as volunteers. Please write a letter to the Red Cross Associateand your letter should include

1)  yourintent

2)  therelevant information you need

3)  somethingelse

Your letter should be no less than 100 words.

Section B

Directions: Please write a short story with the titleTwo Doctors, and you are advised to imitate this text. Your story should bebetter one which goes on with dialogues and some monologues. If possible, youare supposed to write your story not less than 300 words

Exercise 6

Part I  Vocabulary Exercise

Section A

Directions: Translate the following phrases into English and You hadbetter use the proper words

learnt in the text.

1.  扮演極其重要的角色

2.  適用于

3.  贊同希特勒的計劃

4.  其友愛和效率堪稱典范

5.  為拯救人類做貢獻(xiàn)

6.  集中營

7.  向……屈服

8.  在隨后的幾年中

9.  所謂的劣等民族

10. 開始正常的行醫(yī)和平常的生活

11. 使人對德國人的本性和心理產(chǎn)生懷疑

12. 在智力水平

13. 不服罪

14. 被強迫所為

15. 換句話說

16. 過去幾代人的經(jīng)驗

17. 區(qū)分善惡

18. 一個高尚的職業(yè)

19. 以他們自己的健康和生命為代價

20. 維護(hù)最高的道德準(zhǔn)則

Section B:

Section B

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the give words. Note that 25words are provided for you.

Stressed   findings compared  anxiety  pressure inevitable  impactage uncovered  across high   with  faced smarter   tolow   significantly  suggested responsibility   happiness  effectimportant affect stressful harder

Work stress levels "lower" in UK

UK workers are among theleast ____1__ in Europe, a survey hassuggested. Just 20% of British workers found their workplace "toostressful" ___2___ with an average of 27% ____3__Europe. Switzerland and Sweden suffered the highest levelsof ____4__ in their job (33%), the survey by global recruitment agency KellyServices found. The poll of 19,000 people across 12 countries also found thatmale workers, older staff and those in steady jobs were under the greatest____5__. "A certain amount of stress is ___6___and can be a good thingwhen it pushes people beyond their comfort zone to work___7___and____8__," said Steve Girdler, marketing director of KellyServices UK. "But ___9___levels of prolonged stress are not good becausethey ____10__on productivity and are associated ___11___physical and emotionalillness," he warned. The group also found stress increased __12____with__13____- rising from 19% in the 15-24 age bracket (年齡組) to 23% for those aged 45 and above. The report__14____these workers could also be suffering from added stress at home andincreased __15____. Those working the longest hours found their job the most__16____ - 18% for those working 30 hours or less, 34% for those clocking on (打卡以記錄上班時間) for 41-50 hours, and50% for those working longer than 51 hours. Kelly Services also __17____a closelink between stress and job satisfaction. For those workers who said they__18____too much stress, just 28% were happy in their jobs, while for thosewith "just the right amount of stress" __19____levels jumped to 65%.The __20____suggest staff enjoy jobs where they face challenges that push themto "learn new skills”.

Part II ErrorCorrection

Directions: This partconsists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or deletea word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in theright place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word,cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank.

"Home, sweet home" is a phrase thatexpresses an
essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality
of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet. The ������������   S1.________
cherished ideal of home has great importance for many
people.
���� This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This
dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth-century
European settlers of the American West, was in find
a piece of place, build a house for one"s family, and ������������    S2.________
started a farm. These small households were portraits of ����   S3.________
independence: the entire family -- mother, father, children.
even grandparents -- live in a small house and working ���� S4.________
together to support each other. Anyone understood the life ��   S5.________
and death importance of family cooperation and hard work.
Although most people in the United States no longer
live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership is just as �� S6.________
strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.
When U.S, soldiers came home before World War II. for ������������  S7.________
example, they dreamed of buying houses and starting
families. But there was a tremendous boom in home ������������   S8.________
building. The new houses, typically it the suburbs, were
often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied ��    S9.________
a deep need. Many regarded the single-family
house the basis of their way of life. ��������������������     S10.________

PartIII  Reading Comprehension

Passageone

Imagineeating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would begreat, wouldn"t it?
New “fake fat” productsappeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone ishappy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound calledolestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods.Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitaminsand nutrients (營養(yǎng)物)and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it"s up to decidewhether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.
Chemists discoveredolestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digestedby infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researcherscreated a fat that can"t be digested at all.
Normally, specialchemicals in the intestines (腸)“grab” molecules of regular fat and break them downso they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of threemolecule of substances called fatty acids.
The fatty acids areabsorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E,and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of thosevitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into thebloodstream.
Olestra, which is madefrom six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines toabsorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down.Manufacturers say it"s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestinesthat makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers withthe taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics sayolestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can alsoprevent the absorption of carotenoids (類胡蘿卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk ofcancer, heart disease, etc.
Manufacturers areadding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now.Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimitedamounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how manycalories they are consuming.
1. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_______.
A) contains plenty of nutrients
B) renders foods calorie - free while retaining their vitamins
C) makes foods easily digestible
D) makes foods fat - free while keeping them delicious
2.The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out tobe_______.
A) commercially useless B) just as anticipated
C) somewhat controversial D) quite unexpected
3.Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that_______.
A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed
B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body
C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease
D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins
4.What is a possible negative effect of olestra according to some critics?
A) It may impair the digestive system.
B) It may affect the overall fat intake.
C) It may increase the risk of cancer.
D) It may spoil the consumers" appetite.
5.Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?
A) It may lead to the over - consumption of vitamins.
B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.
C) The function of the intestines may be weakened.
D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.

PassageTwo

People of Hispanicorigin were on the North American continent centuries before settlers arrivedfrom Europe in the early 1600s and the thirteen colonies joined together toform the United States in the late 1700s. The first census of the new nationwas conducted in 1790, and counted about four million people, most of whom werewhite. Of the white citizens, more than 80% traced their ancestry back to England.There were close to 700,000 slaves and about 60,000 “free Negroes”. Only a fewNative American Indians who paid taxes were included in the census count, butthe total Native American population was probably about one million.
By 1815, thepopulation of the United States was 8.4 million. Over the next 100years, the country took in about 35 million immigrants, with the greatestnumbers coming in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In 1882, 40,000 Chinesearrived, and between 1900 and 1907, there were more than 30,000 Japanese immigrants.But by far, the largest numbers of  the new immigrants were from central,eastern, and southern Europe.
An enormous amountof  racial and ethnic assimilation has taken place in the United States.In 1908, play-write Israel Zangwill first used the term “melting pot” todescribe the concept of a place where many races melted in a crucible andre-formed to populate a new land. Some years during the first two decades ofthe 20th century, there were as many as one million new immigrants per year, anastonishing 1 percent of the total population of the United States.
In 1921, however, thecountry began to limit immigration, and the Immigration Act of 1924 virtuallyclosed the door. The total number of immigrants admitted per year dropped fromas many as a million to only 150,000. A quota system was established thatspecified the number of immigrants that could come from each country. Itheavily favored  immigrants from northern and western Europeand severely limited everyone else. This system remained in effect until 1965,although after World War II, several exceptions were made to the quota systemto allow in groups of refugees.

1.  Why did the author write the passage?
A) to outline the ways immigration has been restricted
B) to emphasize the impact of migrants from Europe
C) to explain and give examples of the concept of a “melting pot”
D) to summarize the main features of immigration

2.  According to the passage, which ancestrypredominated at the time of the first census?
A) Native Americans
B) Negroes
C) English
D) Hispanic

3.  The word “ancestry” in line 5 is closest inmeaning to
A) origins
B) inheritance
C) color
D) freedom

4.  The word “their” in line 5 refers to which ofthe following
A) immigrants
B) people of Hispanic origin
C) white citizens
D) Native Americans

5.  Which of the following is true, according to thepassage?
A) a quota system was in place from 1908
B) a peak period of immigration was in the late 1800s and early 1900s
C) slaves were not counted in the first census
D) only those who paid taxes were included in the first census

6.  The number of immigrants taken in over the 100years to 1915 was
A) probably about 1 million
B) about 35 million
C) 8.4 million
D) about 4 million

7.  The word “concept” in line 16 is closest inmeaning to
A) location
B) type
C) complexity
D) thought

8.  The word “virtually” in line 21 is closest inmeaning to
A) effectively
B) occasionally
C) thoroughly
D) undeservedly

9.  Which of the following is NOT true aboutimmigrants
A) they were subjected to an official quota in the Immigration Act from1924
B) during the 1900s immigrants numbered 1 percent of the total population
C) settlers of Hispanic origin arrived centuries before those from Europe
D) numbers began to be limited from 1921

10.  Whichof the following can be inferred from the passage
A) preserving a developing “American” culture was a major factor leadingto the introduction of the quota system
B) racial and ethnic assimilation did not occur as planned
C) racial and ethnic tensions would have increased if the quota system hadnot been introduced
D) the quota system was introduced to limit population growth

Part IV English-ChineseTranslation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese and theseare all taken out from the original text.

1.  Instead of doing their job,instead of bringing assistance and comfort to the sick people whoneeded them most, instead of helping the mutilated and thehandicapped to live, eat, and hope one more day, one more hour,doctors became their executioners.

2.  They were integral tothe concentration-camp system and were as guilty as the various branchesof Hitler"s armed services and police force of the monstrous crimescommitted in occupied Europe out of hatredfor the Jews and other so-called inferior races and groups.

3.  How could they seektruth and happiness for human beings at the same time that theyhated some of them solely because they belonged to human communitiesother than their own?

4.  For them, each humanbeing represented not an abstract idea but a universe with itssecrets, its treasures, its sources of anguish, and its poorpossibilities for victory, however fleeting, over Death and itsdisciples. In an inhumane universe, they had remained humane.

5.  Am I naive in believing thatmedicine is still a noble profession, upholding the highest ethicalprinciples? For the ill, doctors still stand for life. And for usall, hope.

Part V  Writing

Section A

Directions:: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to thestudent service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.It should include:

1.  Why you need the service.

2.  When you need it.

SectionB

Directions: Studythe following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

1) describe the drawing,��

　2) interpret its meaning, and��

　3) point out its implications in ourlife.��

Exercise 7

Section A

Directions: Translate the following phrases intoEnglish and you had better use the key words leant in the text.

1. 肝膽疾病

2. 在接下來的數(shù)年里

3. 一個虔誠的天主教徒

4. 把某人列為密友之列

5. 食欲不佳

6. 荷爾蒙受體

7. 化療的代價

8. 聽取某人的建議

9. 無視某人的請求

10.   查房期間

11.   與謀人通奸

12.   執(zhí)行上帝的旨意

13.   行為方式

14.   社會交往

15.   冒險進(jìn)入

16.   力量和安慰的源泉

17.   兒科腫瘤病房

18.   慈愛的上帝

19.   默許

20.   與。。。相呼應(yīng)

Section B

Directions: Please fill the blanks with the words givenbelow.

invention   processes   aspects   enjoy power   applied   recognized   rest   applying   owing   industry  eventually   promote   environment   processing   competition   scientific   previously   various academic   efficiency application   fascinated   industrial acknowledged

Society was 1 _______ by science and things scientific in the nineteenthcentury. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use of steam 2_______, andelectricity were there for all to see, 3_______, and suffer. Science wasfashionable and to it is not surprising that, during this great period of4_______development, scientific methods should be

5_______to the activities of man, particularly to those involved in the6_______of production. Towards the end of the nineteenth century internationalcompetition began to make itself felt. The three industrial giants of the day, Germany, America,and Great Britain,began to find that there was a limit to the purchasing power of the previouslyapparently inexhaustible markets. Science and competition therefore providedthe means and the need to improve industrial 7_______.��

Frederick Winslow Taylor is generally 8_______as being the father of thescientific management approach, as a result of the publication of his book. ThePrinciples of Scientific Management, published in 1911. However, numerous otheracademics and practitioners had been actively 9_______such approaches since thebeginning of the century. Charles Babbage, and English academic, well _ knownfor his 10_______of the mechanical computer (with the aid of a government grantas long as 1820) applied himself to the costing of processes, using 11_______methods, and indeed might well be 12_______as one of the fathers of costaccounting.

Taylor was of well _ to _ do background and received an excellent educationbut, partly 13_______to troubles with his eyesight, decided to become anengineering apprentice. He spent some twenty _ five years in the tough,sometimes brutal, environment of the US steel 14_______ and carefully studiedmethods of work when he 15_______attained supervisory status. He made16_______significant innovations in the area of steel processing, but his claimto fame is through his 17_______ of methods of science to methods of work, andhis personal efforts that proved they could succeed in a hostile environment.��

In 1901, Taylor left the steel industry and spent the 18_______of his lifetrying to promote the principles of managing scientifically and emphasizing thehuman 19_______ of the method, over the slave _ driving methods common in hisday. He died in 1915, leaving a huge school of followers to 20_______hisapproach worldwide.

Part II. Error Correction

Large animals thatinhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations　forreducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in　color,and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun"s rays. Desert mammals　alsodepart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant　bodytemperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep　insidethe body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,　desertmammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be　feverheight, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been　measuredin Grant"s gazelles. The overheated bodybhskgw.cn/kuaiji/ then cools down during　thecold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low　bydawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage　sincethe heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming　upthe body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well　intothe day.

　　Another strategy of large desert animals is to toleratethe loss of body　water to a point that would be fatal for non-adaptedanimals. The camel　can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as waterwithout harm to　itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of　theirbody weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to　replenishthis water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink　prodigiousvolumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe　over100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other　hand,cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the　humanstomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of　thebody fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of　waterloss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have　toremain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and　far-flungpastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to　feednormally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in　peoplethat appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.

　　6. What is the main topic of the passage?

　　A) Weather variations in the desert

　　B) Adaptations of desert animals

　　C) Diseased of desert animals

　 D) Human use of desert animals.

　　7. According to the passage, why is light coloring anadvantage to large desert animals?

　　A) It helps them hide from predators.

　　B) It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.

　　C) It helps them see their young at night

　　D) It keeps them cool at night.

　　8. The word "maintaining" in line 4 isclosest in meaning to

　　A) measuring

　　B) inheriting

　　C) preserving

　　D) delaying

　　9. The author uses of Grant"s gazelle as an example of

　　A) an animal with a low average temperature

　　B) an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel

　　C) a desert animal that can withstand high bodytemperatures

　　D) a desert animal with a constant body temperature

　　10. When is the internal temperature of a large desertmammal lower?

　　A) Just before sunrise

　　B) In the middle of the day

　　C) Just after sunset

　　D) Just after drinking

　　11. The word "tolerate" in line 13 is closestin meaning to

　　A) endure

　　B) replace

　　C) compensate

　　D) reduce

　　12. What causes water intoxication?

　　A) Drinking too much water very quickly

　　B) Drinking polluted water

　　C) Bacteria in water

　　D) Lack of water.

　　13. What does the author imply about desert-adaptedmammals?

　 A) They do not need to eat much food.

　　B) They can eat large quantities quickly

　　C) They easily lose their appetites.

　　D) They can travel long distances looking for food.

　　14. Why does the author mention humans in the secondparagraph?

　　A) To show how they use camels.

　　B) To contrast them to desert mammals.

　　C) To give instructions about desert survival.

　　D) To show how they have adapted to desert life.

　　15. The word "obtain" in line 23 is closestin meaning to

　　A) digest

　　B) carry

　　C) save

　　D) get

Part IV. English-Chinese Translation

Direcitons: Translate the following sentences intoChinese and these are all taken out from

the original text.

1. A devout Catholic, she regularly attended Mass and counted her priestamong her closest friends.

2. Should I sidestep Anna’s request, in effect distancing myself from herat a moment of great need?

3. Religion explores the nature of God and offers rituals for implementingGod’s will, whereas science eschews any such metaphysics and throughexperimentation unveils the workings of the material world.

4. Different faiths dictate different forms of behavior, socialinteractions, and views about how to live and how to die.

5. Often, I have been insensitive to this imbalance and have taken apatient’s silence to represent tacit assent to my recommendations.

Section B

Directions: Some intensive English programs in the United Statesoffer a foreign student the option of living with an American family while heor she is studying abroad. Many students feel that such a home-stay program isa valuable part of their total learning experience. However, others may feelthat such a plan offers little value. In a short essay, discuss one or twoadvantages of living with an American family and then state one or twodisadvantages. Tell whether you are in favor of or opposed to the idea ofhome-stay. Give examples to support your opinion.
　

Exercise 8

Part I Vocabulary Exercises

Section A

Directions: Translate the followingphrases into English and you had better use the key

words learnt in the text.

1. 在個人成長的過程中， 得到了社會的關(guān)愛。

2. 有些數(shù)據(jù)純數(shù)編造的。

3. 在中世紀(jì)的歐洲，人們更傾向于浪漫的的，樸素的生活。

4. 根據(jù)國際準(zhǔn)則，這是無法通過的。

5. 就教育創(chuàng)新而言， 每個教師都應(yīng)該貢獻(xiàn)自己的注意。

6. 人生應(yīng)該避免不必要的誘惑。

7. 當(dāng)護(hù)照過期的活， 必須重新申請。

8. 從一開始，他并不同意這個計劃。

9. 標(biāo)新立異

10. 你可以自由選擇自己的專業(yè)方向。

11. 企業(yè)和高校的聯(lián)姻

12. 杜撰一個新名詞

13. 新目標(biāo)的成功讓他感到信心百倍。

14. 注冊商標(biāo)相對可靠些。

15. 研發(fā)新產(chǎn)品

16. 更加深刻地了解對方的心理。

17. 對真理的探求使他的人生充滿了傳奇色彩。

18. 精心設(shè)計的方案并未通過。

19. 他畫了一張畫試圖向他的女朋友傳遞他的心聲。

20. 一個注意穿著的人會給人產(chǎn)生良好的影象。

Section B

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

form of the give words. Note that 25 words are provided for you.

  Difficult  restless overload   which  bottom  waves   relationship control  full

 wonderful like  Inputstreamemployers  waking   at  saw  accustomed  relief  refresh what not  by formidable down

Forsome the pace of modern life is too hectic. It sets the mind reeling and rippling.Clear thinking becomes 1  Emotionalreactions are sudden and uncontrolled. Sleep is 2  Digestion isdisturbed. Relationships are draining. And all because the mind is on .

Ourmind is the screen on 3we view life. It is 4 alake. If the lake is calm we can see clear through to the 5   we can see the shiny quartersomeone has tossed into it. When the lake is full of 6   and ripples, that same quarterlooks like a giant fish lurking on the bottom. It is the same with our mind. Ifit is calm, we can see what our life is about. We can understand our 7    better and we can see what we must dowith our work. If our mind is in chaos, we lose 8   f ourdirection. Little quarters become giant fishes. Small incidents become majorproblems. Life seems   9 of hasslesand disturbances.

Quietingthe mind is a 10  practice. It’s 11turning off the computer for a while, disconnecting from all the sources of 12    we are normally connected to. All daylong we are bombarded with a never-ending of input. Input and demands are coming from our mates, our children, our13   or employees. We’re under siege as we goin traffic from one place to another. During our 14    hours our minds and thoughts are racing 15   a nonstop, breakneckspeed. We live in a world of distressing background noise. Everyone hasexperienced something like the grind and squeal an electric 16    makes while a tree is being cut 17  . Although we actually become 18 tothe sound, once the sawing stops we experience the 19   of sudden quiet. The samerelief can be experienced when you treat yourself to a quiet moment each day,an interval that 20 ,strengthens, clarifies, and renews.

Part II  Error Correction

Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage,there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have tochange a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put thecorrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out andwrite the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put aninsertion mark (∧) in the right place and writethe missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put aslash (/) in the blank.

Look at your watch for justone minute,

During that short period oftime, the population of

the world had increase byeighty-five people 71. 

Perhaps you think that isn’tmuch. In the next hour,

more than 5,000 additionalpeople will be living on

this planet. So it goes, hourafter hour. In one 

day, there are about 12,000additional mouths to

feed.Multiply this by 365.What will happen after 72. 

100 years?

  This population explosive may be thegreatest73.   

challenge of the present time.Within the next

forty years, the worldpopulation may double. Can

the new frontiers of sciencemeet the needs of the

crowded world of tomorrow?

  If the present rate of populationincrease

continues for the next 600 or700 years, there will

be standing rooms only. Eachwill have between 3 74.

to 10 squares feet of space inwhich to live. This

contains the mountaintops,deserts, and the ice and  75.

snow fields of the polarareas. Of course, on one

expects such a thing tohappen. War, plague,

famine or some othercatastrophe can be expected to

occur long when the populationreaches this point. 76.

Actually, the danger is in anovercrowded world 77.

where people are huddledtogether so that they

cannot move arms and legs, butin an upset balance

between population andresources.

  Since 600 years is so far away, take alook

directly ahead. How can thehungry people be

filled? About half of the babies born thisyear 78.  

will not have enough to eat.Is the world going79.    

out of water? Will there beenough fuel?  What

will supply the energy need torun the machine of80.  

tomorrow’s world? Certainly,man must look to the

future and find new ways ofproviding for his need. 

Part III ReadingComprehension

Directions: There are two passages in this part. Eachpassage is followed by some questions 

or unfinished statements. For each of them are four choices markedA),B),C),and

D). You should choose the best answer.

Passage 1

When we talkabout intelligence, we don’t mean the ability to get a good score on a certainkind of test, or even the ability to do well in school. These are at best onlyindicators of something larger, deeper, and far more important. By intelligencewe mean a style of life, a way of behaving in various situations. The true testof intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when don’tknow what to do.

The intelligentperson, young or old, meeting a new situation or problem, opens himself up toit. He tries to take in with mind and senses everything he can about it. Hethinks about it, instead of about himself or what it might cause to happen tohim. He tries to deal with it boldly, imaginatively, resourcefully, and if notconfidently, at least hopefully: if the fails to master it, he looks withoutfear or shame at his mistakes and learns what he can from them. This isintelligence. Clearly its roots lie in a certain feeling about life and one’sself with respect to life. Just as clearly, unintelligence is not whatpsychologists seem to suppose, the same thing as intelligence, only less of it.It is an entirely different style of behaviour, arising out of an entirelydifferent set of attitudes.

  Years of watching and comparing bright children with the nonbright, orless bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people. Thebright child is curious about life and reality, eager to get in touch with it,embrace it, unite himself and life. On the other hand, the dull child is farless curious, far less interested in what goes on and what is real, moreinclined to live in a world of fantasy. The bright child likes to experiment,to try things out. He lives by the maxim that there is more than one way toskin a cat. If he can’t do something one way, he’ll another. The dull child isusually afraid to try at all. It takes a great deal of urging to get him to tryeven once; if that try fails, he is through.

  Nobody starts off stupid. Hardly any adult in a thousand, or tenthousand, could in any three years of his life learn as much, grow as much inhis understanding of the world around him, as every infant learns and grows inhis first three years. But what happens, as we grow older, to thisextraordinary capacity for learning and intellectual growth? What happens isthat it is destroyed by the process that we misname education — a process thatgoes on in most homes and schools.

1. The author deems that intelligence is______.

A)corresponding to school grades.

   B )excellent academic performance.

   C )brave enterprising behavior.

   D )an indicator of prominence.

2. According to the author, unintelligence is_____.

A )the other side of intelligence.

   B )incompatible with intelligence.

   C )a common belief ofpsychologists.

   D) an indifferent way of behaving.

3. It is true that an unintelligent child_____.

A)rarely has daydreams.

   B) takes the initiative.

   C) doesn’t mind failing.

   D) gives up thins easily.

4. The author considers education misnamedbecause it _____.

A) isolates children from the outside world.

   B) takes place more in homes thanin schools.

   C) discourages intellectual growthindividually.

   D) ignores solutions of dullchildren’s problems.

5. Which of the following has aclose meaning to “There is more than one way to skin a cat.” (Par. 3)?

A)All roads lead to Rome.

   B)Nothing venture, nothing gain.

   C)Make hay while the sun shines.

   D)Trail and error leads tosuccess.

Passage2

Potash(the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the otherbeing soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in themaking of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: theformer being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter aproduct of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities ofcolonial North America need hardly bestressed.

Potashand soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-makingeither would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inlandvegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers ofthe North American continent.

Thesettlement at Jamestown in Virginiawas in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was requiredfor the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was producedin sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargoshipped out of Jamestown.The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among itspassengers experts in potash making. The method of making potash was simpleenough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. Theashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was pouredover them. The solution draining from the barrel was 204 boiled down in ironkettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what wascalled potash. In North America, potash makingquickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it wasestimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered bythe sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maineand New Hampshirein the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. Fordespite the beginning of the trade at Jamestownand such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making ofpotash," beginning in 1707 inSouth Carolina,the

softwoods in the South proved to be poorsources of the substance.

1. What aspect of potash does the passagemainly discuss?

A)How it was made

B)Its value as a product for export

C)How it differs from other alkalis

D)Its importance in colonial North America

2. All of the following statements are trueof both potash and soda EXPECT:

A) They are alkalis.

B) They are made from sea plants.

C) They are used in making soap.

D) They are used in making glass.

3.They phrase "the latter" in line4 refers to

A) alkali   B) glass

C) sand D) soap

4.The word "stressed" in line 6 isclosest in meaning to

 A)defined  B) emphasized

 C) adjusted D) mentioned

5. The word "interchangeable" inline 7 is closest in meaning to

A) convenient B) identifiable

C) equivalent D) advantageous

6. It can be inferred from the passage thatpotash was more common than soda in colonial North Americabecause

A) the materials needed for making soda werenot readily available

B) making potash required less time thanmaking soda

C) potash was better than soda for makingglass and soap

D) the colonial glassworks found sodamore  to use

7. According to paragraph 4, all of thefollowing were needed for making potash EXCEPT

A) wood  B) fire

C) sand   D) water

8. The word "adjunct" in line 22 isclosest in meaning to

A) addition B) answer

C) problem D) possibility

9. According to the passage, a major benefitof making potash was that

A)it could beexported to Europe in exchange for other goods

B) it helped finance the creation of farms

C) it could be made with a variety ofmaterials

D) stimulated the development of new ways ofglassmaking

10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoodsin the South posed which of the following problems for southern settles?

A)The softwoods were not very plentiful.

B) The softwoods could not be used to buildhouses.

C) The softwoods were not very marketable.

D) The softwoods were not very useful formaking potash.

Part IV   English-Chinese Translation

Direcitons: Translate the following sentences into Chineseand these are all taken out from

the original text.

(1) The thousands of names that appear in theUnited States Pharmacopeia (USP), the official register of pharmaceuticalproducts approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), constitute averitable language — one of several that every physician must master in thecourse of acquiring a medical degree and a license to practice.

(2) And, just as in the study of a naturallanguage, examination of the patterns of word formation and manipulation ofsemantic elements in the language of drug names provides insights into thepsychology of those who “speak” it.

(3)These standards, which are based on guidelines set by the FDA, are intended tokeep generic

  names assimple as possible while preserving consistency in the way chemical names are

  abridged.

(4) Adrug company that proposes to market another firm’s product on which the patenthas

  expired maydevise and register its own brand name for the product, or it may choose tosell

  the productunder the generic name. the holder of a patent has the right to sell the patent

  outright orlicense another firm to manufacture or sell the product.

(5) Achieving this goal with a single word that is also brief,distinctive, euphonious, and

 memorable presents an enormous challenge to the coiner of a new brandname, particularly

 as the number of remaining combinations of syllables still availabledwindles.

Part V Writing Practice

Section A

Directions:After having studied the College Medical Englishfor a whole year, you have

something to talk over with your teacher, please write a letter to yourEnglish teacher

and your letter can be writer with your own free will.

SectionB

Directions: Please write a report on which you are supposed to summarize whatyou have learned

in your medical English report.